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- It is a aromatic resin substance,
as wax consistency, collected by bees:
- - from the foliar buds of some
trees (Pinus sp., Christmas tree, Abies sp., Populus sp., Salix sp.,
palmers);
- - for covering the indoor walls, for
obturate fissure and holes beehives and frames;
- - for embalm the bodies of the injurious intrudes
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3
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- Chemical composition
- aprox. 180 compounds (especially
- poliphenols)
- 35 55 % resins
- 30 40 % waxes
- 0,10 10 % volatile oil (b-eudesmol, guaiol)
- 15 20 % flavones, calchones
- 5 11 % pollen
- 0,50 2,70 % mineral salts
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4
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- Chemical composition
- enzimes, vitamins
- glucides (glucose, melicitose, fructose)
- protides, aminoacids (arginine), lipides
- mucilages, latex
- saliva glandular secretions
- 13 34 % impurities (hairs of bees, vegetal tissues - fibres, vassels
of xylem, epidermis).
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5
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- Chemical composition
- Other constituents:
- 5 10 % aromatic acids (caffeic, ferulic,
- p-coumaric,
gallic);
- diterpenic resenic acids (abietic, pimaric);
- esters (p-ethyl-cumarate, caffeoil-quinics);
- vanillal, lignans
- tanins, auxines
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6
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- Chemical composition
- Other constituents:
- coumarins (esculetozide, scopoletozide);
- pentacycle triterpens (metil betulinate,
oleanolic acid and ursolic acid)
- carotenoids;
- vitamins (complex B, C, E, PP), carotene;
- 5 % free fat acids (7-18 C, miristic acid especially).
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7
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- Chemical constituents
- Chemical structure
- Physical-chemical properties
- Pharmacodynamic action
- Usage
- Pharmaceutical forms
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8
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- Chemical constituents
- Resins are balsams (esters of the aromatic acids benzoic, salicylic and
cinnamic with cinnamilic or benzylic alcohols)
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- Chemical constituents
- Physical chemical properties:
substances soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, benzene,
chloroform), insoluble in water
- Action: healing, cicatrized (irritant for mucous membrane and skin
benzyl benzoic ester)
- Indications: wounds, sore, ulcerations (?)
- Counter indications: allergic people
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10
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavones are 2 fenil-g-benzopironic derivates.
- Function of the presence or
absence of one double link C2 C3 and of one OH radical at C3 they are
classified as:
- flavones - with double link
- flavonols - with double
link + OH
- flavanones - without double
link
- flavanonols - without double
link + OH
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- Chemical constituents
- Characteristic flavones for propolis:
- are preponderant unglycosilated
- unsubstituted on the C2 fenil
- often methoxylated (C7, C4)
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavones - examples:
- chrysin (5,7-dihidroxiflavone)
- tectochrysin (5-hidroxi,7-metoxiflavon)
- isalpinin (3,5-dihidroxi-7-metoxi-flavon)
- acacetin (5,7-dihidroxi-4-metoxi-flavon)
- apigenin (5,7,4-trihidroxi-flavon)
- pectolinarigenin (5,7-dihidroxi-4,6-dimetoxi-flavon)
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavonols - examples:
- galangin (3,5,7-trihidroxi-flavon)
- isalpinin (3,5-dihidroxi-7-metoxi-flavon)
- kaempferol (3,5,7,4-tetrahidroxi-flavon)
- Kaempferide = kaempferol-metil-ether
(3,5,7,trihidroxi-4-metoxi-flavanon)
- ramnocitrol (3,5,4-tridroxi,7-metoxiflavon)
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavanones - examples:
- pinocembrol (5,7-dihidroxi-flavanon)
- pinostrobol (5-hidroxi,7-metoxi-flavanon)
- Flavanonols examples:
- pinobanksin (3,5,7-trihidroxi-flavanon)
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavones (aglicons, metil-ethers)
- Physical chemical properties:
- solubles in alcohol, ether, dichlorethan
- insolubles in water
- easy oxidables (antioxidants)
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavones
- Pharmacological properties:
- absorbable at p.o. administration (fat-soluble)
- anti-inflammatory (inhibits Cox2 and 5LO, reduce RLO
delivered in the degranulation mastocytare phase)
- cicatrization and regeneration of epithelium
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18
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- Chemical constituents
- Flavones
- Pharmacological properties:
- antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus aeruginosa,
Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium phei, M. smegmatis)
- antiviral (Herpes simplex I,
Influenzae virus A);
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19
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- Chemical constituents:
- Flavones
- Pharmacological properties:
- antifungal Candida albicans) -(pinocembrină, cinamiliden acetic
acid);
- indirect anti-edema (ameliorate blood and lymphatic circulation by
decrease the permeability of capillaries);
- radioprotective (regenerate epitheliums destroyed by irradiation);
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- Chemical constituents:
- Flavones
- Pharmacologic properties:
- Liver protective (probable by regenerating the oxidated glutation -
galangine)
- spasmolytic (quercetol, kaempferide, pectolinaringenol)
- antitumoral (quercetol)
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- Chemical constituents:
- Flavones
- Pharmacologic properties:
- Anti-ulcer - antibacterial on Helicobacter pylori and for cicatrization (pinocembrol,
galangol, crisol, luteol, apigenol)
- local-anaesthetic like cocaine (pinocembrol, pinostrombol, cafeic esteri)
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- Chemical constituents structure:
- Polifenol-carboxilic acids (aromatic acids) phenyl-propanic derivates:
caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, dimetoxi-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, isoferulic
acid and their methyl-esters
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- Chemical constituents:
- Polyphenol-carboxylic acids (aromatic acids)
- Physically-chemical properties:
- acids are soluble in water and alcohol
- esters in alcohol, apolar solvents (ether)
- easily get oxidated (antioxidants).
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- Chemical constituents:
- Polyphenol-carboxylic acids (aromatic acids)
- Pharmacological properties:
- anti-inflammatory (fenetil-coumarinic ester)
- cicatrize, stimuling of the destroyed tissues (cinamic acid and
derivates)
- antibacterial Helicobacter pylori (p-cumaric prenilated acid, ferulic
acid, caffeic acid and their esters);
- antifungic C. albicans (acetic cinamiliden acid );
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- Chemical constituents:
- Polifenol-carboxilic acids (aromatic acids)
- Pharmacological properties:
- liver protective (fenetil-cumarinic ester)
- anti-hystaminic (caffeic prenilate derivates)
- imunomodulator (cafeil-chinic derivates)
- citotoxic for tumoral cells (esters of the fenetil-cafeic acid)
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- Chemical constituents:
- Polifenol-carboxilic acids (aromatic acids)
- Pharmacological properties:
- anti-carcinogenic (derivates of the cinamic acid) - inhibits cells
proliferation induces cancerous
cells apoptoza (researches done on rats colon tumours)
- antioxidant
- local-anaesthetic (fenetil-cumaric ester)
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- Chemical constituents - Carotenoidic
derivates
- Chemical structure C40
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- Chemical constituents - Carotenoidic
derivates
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- Chemical constituents - Carotenoidic
derivates
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- Chemical constituents - Carotenoidic derivates
- Chemical properties:
- solid substances, crystallized, fat-soluble, colored from yellow (b-caroten)
to red (licopen, capsorubin) or violet (violaxantin)
- soluble in apolar solvents (hydrocarbons)
- weak hydrophile oxygened derivates (xantofile), soluble in alcohol,
acetone
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- Chemical constituents - Carotenoidic derivates
- Pharmacological properties:
- provitamine A - only the carotenoides with minimum one cycle b-iononic
(a-, b-, g-caroten, torularodină);
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- Chemical constituents - Carotenoidic derivates
- Pharmacological properties:
- stimulated proliferations young cells, accelerate cicatrisation
- anti-oxidant all carotenoid derivates (double links = surplus of
electrons which reduced RLO
, provide protection of oxidizing process of membrane lipids
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- Adverse Reactions:
- colour the skin in eliminate regions,
- inclusively the ocular mucous
membrane (hypercarotenemy)
- does not assure the protection against UV-radiation
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- Recapitulation actions:
- anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-micotic
- anti-ulcer (anti-inflammatory,
- anti-Helicobacter pylori,
healig)
- antihepatotoxic, hepatoregenerating perhaps due to the antioxidant
effect and to the regeneration of oxidated glutathione
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- Recapitulation actions:
- stimulates mitosis and enhance protein biosynthesis perhaps to
arginine
- anti-cancerogenic, induce apopthosis tumoral cells (cinnamic acid
derivates)
- spasmolytic, antihystaminic,
- immunomodulatory effect
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- Indications and usage:
- oral disease aphtousis, chronic marginal parodontopathies
- ORL disease chronic rinite, chronic
rino-pharyngitis, chronic amygdalitis (tonsillitis), otitis,
laryngitis
- respiratory disease severe and chronic
tracheo-bronchitis, chronic broncho-pneumopathy, pulmonary
tuberculosis
- digestive disease gastric and duodenal ulcer, enteritis
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- Indications and usage:
- ocular disease blepharitis, conjunctivitis, ocular wounds
- genito-urinary disease kidney tuberculosis, bacterial infections and
trichomonas vaginalis of the uterin col; orchitis, orchito-epidimitis
and prostatitis
- locomotory arthritis, arthrosis
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38
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- Indications and usage:
- dermal disease intertrigo over-infections with yeasts (levuri) and Candida
albicans, moniliosis suckling post antibiotherapy, skin tuberculosis,
infections wounds, atonic wounds, varicosis ulcers;
- neuropsychic tuberculosis limpho-ganglionary, cephalic pane, headache,
asthenic sindrom of stress.
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- Pharmaceutical products:
- extract - fluid standardized (10
% flavones) extract spissum standardized (5 % flavones) spread in honey;
- tinctura 20 % in alcohol 70 % (5
- 10 drops in 100 ml common infusion or milk;
- gels muco-adhesive, solutions, aerosols,
spray, unguents etc.
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